Adagrasib: A landmark in the KRASG12C‐mutated NSCLC

A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine by Pasi A. Jänne et al.1 presented the Phase II cohort results from a clinical trial (KRYSTAL-1, NCT03785249), which evaluated adagrasib (MRTX849, a KRASG12C inhibitor) in KRASG12C-mutated nonsmallcell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy and antiprogrammed death 1 (PD-1) or antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy. Adagrasib showed encouraging efficacy and acceptable safety, offering novel therapeutic avenues for KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC (Figure 1A). This study enrolled 116 patients with histologically confirmed unresectable ormetastatic NSCLCwithKRASG12C mutation who had accepted treatment with at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. 98.3% of the patients accepted both chemotherapy and immunotherapy previously. The patients received a 600-mg dose of adagrasib twice daily, with a fasted state. Among 112 patients with measurable disease at baseline, the confirmed objective response rate (ORR) was 42.9%. The median response duration of 48 patients with a response was 8.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2 to 13.8), and the median progression-free survival (PFS) among 112 evaluable patients was 6.5 months (95% CI, 4.7 to 8.4). The median overall survival (OS) was 12.6 months (95% CI, 9.2 to 19.2), with updated data on January 15, 2022. In

A recent study published in the New England Journal of Medicine by Pasi A. Jänne et al. 1 presented the Phase II cohort results from a clinical trial (KRYSTAL-1, NCT03785249), which evaluated adagrasib (MRTX849, a KRASG12C inhibitor) in KRASG12C-mutated nonsmallcell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy and antiprogrammed death 1 (PD-1) or antiprogrammed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) therapy. Adagrasib showed encouraging efficacy and acceptable safety, offering novel therapeutic avenues for KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC ( Figure 1A).
This study enrolled 116 patients with histologically confirmed unresectable or metastatic NSCLC with KRASG12C mutation who had accepted treatment with at least one platinum-based chemotherapy regimen and immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) therapy. 98.3% of the patients accepted both chemotherapy and immunotherapy previously. The patients received a 600-mg dose of adagrasib twice daily, with a fasted state. Among 112 patients with measurable disease at baseline, the confirmed objective response rate (ORR) was 42.9%. The median response duration of 48 patients with a response was 8.5 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2 to 13.8), and the median progression-free survival (PFS) among 112 evaluable patients was 6.5 months (95% CI, 4.7 to 8.4). The median overall survival (OS) was 12.6 months (95% CI, 9.2 to 19.2), with updated data on January 15, 2022. In 33 patients with radiographically evaluable CNS metastases, the intracranial confirmed ORR was 33.3% (95% CI, 18.0 to 51.8). 97.4% of the patients underwent treatmentrelated adverse events, the most common of which were diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and fatigue, leading to a 6.9% drug discontinuation rate. The ORRs were similar across PD-L1 expression subgroups, indicating that the efficacy of adagrasib effectiveness was not affected by PD-L1 expression. The ORRs in patients with coalterations in STK11, KEAP1, TP53, and CDKN2A were satisfying (range 28.6%-58.3%). While the ORR in those who had STK11 wildtype with KEAP1 comutation was lower (14.3%). More evidence on this issue is warranted since precise stratification of KRAS-mutated NSCLC patients is necessary before clinical decisions.
Adagrasib is a robust, orally available, small molecule covalent inhibitor binding to the KRASG12C cysteine 12 residue, locking the protein in its inactive GDP-bound conformation, thus blocking KRAS-dependent signaling and exerting antitumor efficacy in tumor models 2 ( Figure 1B). The registered interventional clinical trials of adagrasib in cancer were summarized ( Figure 1C). As the first KRASG12C inhibitor approved by FDA (Food and Drug Administration), sotorasib yielded a durable clinical benefit in KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC (NCT03600883). In NSCLC, adagrasib was superior to sotorasib in ORR (sotorasib 37.1%, adagrasib 42.9%), and they were similar   3 We expect more evidence derived from large-scale cohorts. The efficacy comparisons we made between adagrasib and sotorasib were preliminary work based on the current data from different cohorts. More solid evidence about these comparisons should be referred to head-to-head RCTs (randomized control trials).
In NSCLC, the KRASG12C mutation frequency is 14% in adenocarcinoma and 0.5%-4% in squamous carcinoma. 1 Although most patients in the study of Jänne et al. 1 were ECOG 1 and had previously received both chemotherapy and ICI therapy, the efficacy of adagrasib was better than traditional second-line chemotherapy. In NSCLC secondline docetaxel treatment, the ORR was 14%, the PFS was 3.0 months (IQR 1.4-6.9), and the median OS was 9.1 months (IQR 4.2-18.0) (NCT01168973). Therefore, adagrasib could bring hope to a substantial late-stage NSCLC patient irresponsive to traditional chemotherapy. We believe that the clinical outcome of adagrasib would be improved when applied at an earlier stage. The safety of adagrasib is acceptable. Although treatment-related adverse events were observed in 97.4% of the patients, the drug discontinuation rate was low (6.9%). The most common events were gastrointestinal-related events, similar to other KRASG12C inhibitors. We expect the ongoing evaluation of an additional dose level (400 mg orally twice daily) 1 which might offer an opportunity to relieve the adverse events.
Moreover, KRASG12C mutation occurs in 3%-4% of CRC (Colorectal Cancer). Durable blockade of KRASG12C might be of significance in CRC. In 2021, Weiss et al. reported that adagrasib demonstrated promising clinical efficacy and safety in KRASG12C -mutant CRC, suggesting the extensive use of this medicine (NCT03785249).
Neoadjuvant immunotherapy has improved the prognosis of NSCLC in the past five years, while resistance is an issue that cannot be bypassed. It is never too early to deliberate the combined utilization of KRASG12C inhibitors and immunotherapy. A meta-analysis in 2022 reported that anti-PD-(L)1 therapy with or without chemotherapy achieved more prolonged survival than mono-chemotherapy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC (https://doi.org/10.1007/s00262-021-03031-1).
Therefore, combining ICIs and KRASG12C-targeted medicine seems an obvious approach. A preclinical study reported that promoting an antitumor environment and lasting cures were found in mice models treated with sotorasib combined with the anti-PD-1 regimen, supporting the strategy of the combination of ICIs and KRAS inhibitor. 4 However, a recent study showed that the successful combination of KRASG12C inhibition (MRTX1257) and ICIs was not universal in the NSCLC tumor models, the synergistic benefit was only seen in the most immunogenic tumor models, and most tumor refractory to ICIs was not resensitized by combination with KRASG12C inhibition. 5 Therefore, the confronting questions are: (1) How to select the NSCLC patients who might benefit from the combinational therapy of KRASG12C inhibitors and ICIs? (2) What are the underlying mechanisms and solutions of resistance in the combination of KRASG12C inhibitors and ICIs? Therefore, more efforts are warranted to explore the interactions between KRASG12C inhibitors and cancer immunity. We look forward to the results of KRYSTAL-7 (NCT04613596), a Phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of adagrasib monotherapy and in combination with pembrolizumab in cohorts of patients with advanced/metastatic KRASG12C-mutated NSCLC.

A U T H O R C O N T R I B U T I O N S
J.H. and Z.Y. are responsible for the study design. H.T. is responsible for the literature collection and manuscript drafting. H. T. and Z.Y. are responsible for revising the manuscript. J.H. and Z.Y. provide the final approval of the version to be published. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

A C K N O W L E D G M E N T S
We sincerely appreciate Doctor Jiachen Xu from the Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China. She offered much professional guidance to this work.

C O N F L I C T O F I N T E R E S T
The authors declare no competing interests.

D ATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y S TAT E M E N T
No original data were generated in this work.